. However, problems could arise through the indiscriminate use and in 1962 these were highlighted by Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring 13. Nutrients come in a range of ratios, which may or may not be appropriate for a particular crop. the hazardous effects of the chemicals and also Government through extension agents should enlighten farmers on the misuse of agrochemical in order to have general acceptability of the farm products at large. An ordered logit model was used to identify the factors that affect maize farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals . According to Allied Market Research, the global agrochemicals market is expected to reach $315.3 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 2.9% from 2021 to 2030. It is a confirmation of a research conducted by Gaber and Abdel-Latif [23] which opined that farmers who received school education had more knowledge about the negative effects of pesticides on health. Meanwhile, overuse can also cause loss. To view EPA's new healthy lawn care practices video, visit: Healthy Lawncare Practices. K. A. Asante and J. W. Ntow, Status of environmental contamination in Ghana, the perspective of a research scientist, in Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry-Environmental Research in Asia, Y. Obayashi, T. Isobe, A. Subramanian, S. Suzuki, and S. Tanabe, Eds., pp. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Never transport pesticides in a closed passenger vehicle or in a . Gambiae in Areas of Varying Agrochemical Use in Cte D'Ivoire. Read, understand, and follow all of the label requirements when combining and using. Others simply indicate the product should not be used when weather conditions favor drift. E. Lichtenberg and D. Zilberman, The econometrics of damage control: why specification matters, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. Penalties are determined through a point system defined in the Illinois Pesticide Act. Therapeutant Fungicide: A chemotherapeutant is a fungicide capable of eliminating a fungus after it has caused infection and treating the plant. They increase yields and reduce the presence of foreign materials in some commodities. 0000003560 00000 n
It also boosts crop yields, improves soil fertility and crop quality, and protects their investment in their crop. , , , , , , How you plan to care for your hibiscus plant, International Year of Fruits and Vegetables builds a nutritious future, CONTROL THE WEED THROUGH SOIL ACTIVE HERBICIDES. Systemic After entering the roots, the insecticide spreads to exterior parts like as leaves, fruits, twigs, and branches. To estimate the effect of awareness level on farm output, multiple linear regression model was used where awareness level is an additional explanatory variable measuring the effect on output. There are concerns about the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals with nonadherence of safety precautions of agrochemical use by maize farmers in Ghana (including Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality).
Pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, soil conditioners, algaecides, and other agrochemicals are examples. Fungicides are toxic compounds or insecticides that kill or prevent fungus and their spores from growing. The country has for the past few years experienced continuous decline in GDP contribution from the sector, but it still remains the foundation on which the countrys economy rests. Agrochemicals are chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) used to boost agricultural production.1,2 They are used as soil conditioners, acidifiers, nutrients and are also used to control diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, pests and viruses, enhancing agricultural productivity and safety. Water can nourish, but we use it to starve. Herbicides and insecticides are the two dominant categories. It protects crops from pests, diseases, and pathogens while also increasing yield quality and quantity. The law regulates the use of agrochemicals so that they are without risk to people, livestock, wildlife and the environment. ? 0000001605 00000 n
The abuse of agrochemical products poses serious problems to the environment, the farmer, and the general food consumer. Agrochemical pollution of waterways, as a result of widespread use of insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, can alter the transmission of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, according to a recent study from the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), partly funded by the NIH Fogarty International Center and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. This definition is valid when one is looking at the theory of consumer behavior. Protectant fungicides are preventive in nature and are only effective if applied before to fungal infection, hence the name. These are an intensive use of land, agrochemical usage, irrigation, disease and pest resistant varieties, and so forth. Since the era of the Green Revolution, Agricultural production worldwide experienced much efficiency with a remarkable aim to eradicate threats of food insecurity. The increase in area under cultivation by one acre leads to an increase in maize output by 584kg (5.84 bags) ceteris paribus. An ordered logit compliment with multivariate linear regression model was used to identify the drivers of farmers awareness level of health implications of agrochemical use. In Ghana agriculture and public health sectors remain the major contributors of pollutants into the environment. The study revealed that 85% of respondents who cultivated cash crops such as Cocoa and Rubber heavily relied on the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. In Ghana, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the regulatory body that oversees the use of recommended pesticides. As the name suggests, the distribution of the logit model is logistic function whereas the probit model has a normal probability distribution. 2431, 2013. [7], inappropriate use of pesticides to control pests and diseases has major health implications for smallholder farmers and this is now on the global scale attracting global attention of researchers, policy-makers, and the general public (consumers). Bangladeshi poor and untrained farmers apply the agrochemicals massively for getting rapid and huge returns from their shared lands causing incurable risks for the ecosystem and human health. Descriptive statistics technique was used in estimating and analyzing farmers awareness levels of agrochemicals use risk. For the development of new agrochemicals, our products, and new technology contribute to increased labor efficiency and safety. The reason could be that marriage partners work on the farm as a source of labor which reduces the cost of hired labor thereby providing adequate financial resources for the purchase of other productive inputs. The main source of information on agrochemicals use was media and manuals. Other variables that were significant in output model include household size, years of education, the number of extension contacts, farm size, marital status, and quantity of pesticides applied. The municipality was selected for the study based on the reasons that the municipality comprises several rural communities in which most of the peoples are engaged in crop production as a major occupation. 3, 2012. Significant penalties can result from misuse, including improper storage resulting in chemical leaks, chemical leaching, and chemical spills. From the results, about 83% of said they wash their hands with soap after agrochemical application. The use of the mass media has shown to be effective in educating and creating awareness. Complaints filed after that will be kept on record, but no administrative action can be taken. But the effects of an increased use of agrochemicals7 transcend their impact on th e environment, as many producers in developing countries are experiencing short- and long- term health effects The value of F-test is 0.00 implying that the model is statistically significant at 1% and hence the coefficients of the independent variables are not jointly equal to zero. Thus, the implementation of the act is not followed of late, hence the urgent need to review the safety precautions in pesticides use [11]. The misuse of agrochemicals in coffee production is a reality. Contact -Its main aim is to kill insects when used on a single target.Because they must strike the insect directly, most domestic insect sprays work like contact insecticides. Prominent among these binary choice models are linear probability model (LPM), binary probit, and binary logit models. The current industrial agriculture system promotes the reliance on agrochemicals, both synthetic fertilizers and Additionally, 52.6% of the respondents adhere to the recommended dosage while 47.4% do not. Agrochemicals are a broad term that refers to a variety of chemicals designed to protect plants and crops. The estimated coefficients from an ordered logit model are difficult to interpret because they are in units of log-odds and for easy interpretation, marginal effects associated with each category were generated as shown in Table 6. Moreover, our results reveal that compared with small-scale farmers, crop insurance has a stronger effect on large-scale farmers' use of agrochemicals. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics are key factors leading to antibiotic resistance. Consult a specialist for recommendations on which pesticides or other agrochemical products are most suited to your insect situation. Weed controls are essential for maintaining good crop output. Use bait stations for rodent baits that are formulated with food (e.g., peanut butter or grain bait) or place the bait where non-target wildlife cannot get to it. Chi-squared tests of the equality of the two cutoff points are rejected at values of 0.00 or less. We may be exposed in our homes through misuse or by accidents, and be contaminated by consumer products including food. In many countries, use of agrichemicals is highly regulated. The margins are interpreted in relation to their signs and categories. The environment may be affected, chemicals may pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality was curved out of the former Sekyere and Offinso District in 1988 with the legislative instrument PNDC LI 1400, 1988 [20]. The types of agrochemicals used are grouped into pesticides (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, rodenticide, etc.) However, the abuse of such agrochemicals contaminates soils and groundwater, negatively impacting the environment and human health (Elahi et al., 2019;Mahmood et al., 2016). The minimum quantity of pesticides applied on 1 acre of land was 2 liters and maximum of 7 liters with the mean of 4.8 liters. The minimum and maximum household sizes were 1 person and 16 persons, respectively, with a mean of 6 persons per household. The most common agrochemicals include pesticides and fertilizers. There is a direct correlation between farmers agrochemicals use practices, the attitude of farmers, and their awareness level of its health effect on them and the environment at large. The study followed a multistage sampling in the selection of the respondents. In Ghana, most rural folks depend on lakes, streams, and rivers as sources of drinking water. In terms of the dependent variable, agrochemical use, the response group is very similar to Italian olive farmers in general; their use of agrochemicals and changes over the last 15 years are very comparable (see Section 4). The ability to apply the right quantity is dependent on awareness of the health implications and the physiological effect on crop output and the quality of the produce. (This phenomenon is widely called Fish kills) Excess chemicals lead to eutrophication. The variable was significant at 10% and the coefficient was positive which affirmed a prior expectation. Interviews conducted with 75 households in 5 indigenous communities showed that over 60% of participants grew plantain with agrochemicals. They have the ability to stay active on or in the host for long periods of time. The number of children in school was used as a proxy of information availability on safety use of agrochemicals to the farmer. c) Agrochemicals increase the nitrate content in the soil. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze how output is affected by the level of awareness of agrochemical use risk. The study used awareness indicators to estimate an index representing farmers’ awareness levels of health . In this study, the level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use was ordered as shown in (3). This agriculture article is a stub. 5, pp. Site Management 80]kms>.tIk6O)@3 Copyright 2017 Franklin N. Mabe et al. The increase of household size by one person leads to increase in output by 90kg (0.9 bags) of maize. 35.6%, 51.4%, and 13% of the respondents had low, moderate, and high levels of awareness, respectively, of health implications of agrochemical use. Fungicides This variable contradicted the a priori expectation. Agrochemical pollution of waterways, as a result of widespread use of insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, can alter the transmission of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, according to a recent study from the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), partly funded by the NIH Fogarty International Center and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. D. Awunyo-Vitor, J. Bakan, and S. Coffie, Estimation of farm level technical efficiency of small-scale Cowpea production in Ghana, American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, vol. . M. Glover-Amengor and F. M. Tetteh, Effect of pesticide application rate on yield of vegetables and soil microbial communities, West African Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. The Department's role in pesticide misuse incidents is limited to determining whether a violation has occurred. Despite the reduced use of agrochemicals, unsafe chemical use practices are high among farmers in Africa. Pesticide misuse is often easy to spot. This is a system that incorporates preventive cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical controls. Pesticides can help to lessen the amount of manual labour required. Ordered logit regression model was used to identify factors that affect farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. This variable was significant at 1% and positively related to the level of awareness. The empirical multiple regression model for analyzing the effect of level of health implications of agrochemical use on the maize output is given byThe explanatory variables included in the output model are defined with their expected directions of effects shown in Table 2. Agrochemicals affect maize crops directly. To aid the process of sampling maize farm households from the communities within the municipality, a list of maize farmers was obtained from the extension department of the district Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) office. Agrochemicals include fertilizers, liming and acidifying agents (which are designed to change the pH), soil conditioners, pesticides, and chemicals used in the raising of livestock such as antibiotics and hormones. Agricultural Impact Mitigation Agreements, Safety and Health Assistance for Ag Employers, Commercial Pesticide Applicator/ Operator Training and Testing, Private Pesticide Applicator Training and Testing, Licensed Pesticide Operators /Applicators /Dealers Search, Aerial Pesticide Application Questions and Answers, Agrichemical Facilities Containment Program, Containment Requirements for "On-farm" Agrichemicals. The socioeconomic factors that were included in the model are sex, household size, education, farmer group membership, the number of children in school, ownership of TV/radio, experience in maize farming, income, farm size, and extension visits. Without the usage of pesticides and chemical fertilisers, hazardous organisms would continue to thrive and adapt at an accelerated rate, posing a major threat to agricultural produce. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The finding is consistent with Ajah and Nmadu [24], who found that an increase in household size leads to an increase in maize output. Wettable powders, soluble concentrates, suspendable concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable dry granules, and soluble powders are all examples of insecticides. 0000002785 00000 n
It is located in the northern part of the Ashanti Region. Juxtaposing these findings on the summary statistics of continuous variables shown in Table 4, it is clear that an average number of annual extension visits of 0.416 are too low to actually provide enough information on awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use. Associated with increased and inappropriate use and handling of agrochemicals are environmental and health problems. E. D. Okoffo, M. Mensah, and B. Y. Fosu-Mensah, Pesticides exposure and the use of personal protective equipment by cocoa farmers in Ghana, Environmental Systems Research, vol. The interpretations of indices of level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use are indicated in Table 1. 10801087, 2013. The study recognizes that education is important for improving farmers awareness regarding health implications of agrochemicals use. Please turn on JavaScript and try again. Infiniti has listed the five biggest challenges in the agrochemical industry in this blog. endstream
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